Both males and females have accessory reproductive organs, including ducts through which gametes are carried.
answer
TRUE
question
The gonads:
answer
A. are the male testes and female ovaries. B. secrete sex hormones. C. produce gametes. D. are dormant until puberty. (E.) All choices are correct.
question
In both males and females, primary sex organs called _________________ produce the gametes.
answer
gonads
question
The male homologue to the labia majora is the:
answer
scrotum.
question
Puberty is initiated when a region of the brain begins secreting:
answer
gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
question
Prior to puberty, the anterior pituitary does not release FSH and LH.
answer
TRUE
question
The primary target cells for GnRH are located in the:
answer
anterior pituitary gland.
question
The perineum consists of an anterior:
answer
urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle.
question
The anterior border to the perineum is the:
answer
pubic symphysis.
question
The ischiocavernosus muscle is located within the urogenital triangle.
answer
TRUE
question
Human somatic cells contain only one pair of
answer
sex chromosomes.
question
The X and Y chromosomes are considered homologous autosomes.
answer
FALSE
question
A cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is:
answer
diploid.
question
When a cell's genetic content is designated as 1n, the cell is said to be _________.
answer
haploid
question
A child has the same number of chromosomes as each of his parents. This is because the gametes that combined when that child was conceived each contained _____ chromosomes.
answer
23
question
When the process of meiosis is complete, the result is:
answer
four daughter cells that are haploid.
question
Mitosis involves crossing over and the production of haploid daughter cells.
answer
FALSE
question
Which choice best distinguishes between mitosis and meiosis?
answer
Mitosis produces somatic cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, whereas meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from the parent cell.
question
The process by which double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is known as:
answer
crossing over, and it occurs in meiosis.
question
A replicated chromosome consists of two identical structures known as:
answer
sister chromatids.
question
Interphase occurs:
answer
prior to meiosis.
question
When homologous replicated chromosomes pair up during meiosis, they form a:
answer
tetrad.
question
The process that occurs during prophase I, during which tetrads are formed is known as ________.
answer
synapsis
question
Define the term "independent assortment" and indicate how this leads to diversity in the genetic content of gametes.
answer
Independent assortment is described in the text as the random alignment of homologous chromosomes (maternal and paternal) along the equator during metaphase I of meiosis. Since the cellular division distributes the maternal and paternal chromosomes randomly, a wide variety of gametes are generated.
question
Meiosis I is a reductive division.
answer
TRUE
question
A reduction division is one in which:
answer
the daughter cells receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had.
question
Sister chromatids are pulled apart in:
answer
anaphase II.
question
The daughter cells that result from meiosis I are:
answer
haploid and contain double-stranded chromosomes.
question
The final products of the two meiotic divisions are four haploid daughter cells from an original diploid cell.
answer
TRUE
question
Which cord or sheet of connective tissue attaches to the ovary at the hilum?
answer
Mesovarium
question
Which is not correct regarding the ovaries?
answer
The gametes develop from the ovarian germinal epithelium.
question
The most primitive type of ovarian follicle is a _____________ follicle.
answer
primordial
question
Which type of ovarian follicle contains a secondary oocyte?
answer
Vesicular follicle
question
What structure forms from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation?
answer
Corpus luteum
question
Throughout childhood, primary oocytes are arrested in:
answer
prophase I.
question
The volume of the antrum is largest in a __________ follicle.
answer
vesicular
question
Ovulation occurs when an oocyte is released from a ruptured _____ follicle.
answer
vesicular
question
Primary follicles form before birth.
answer
FALSE
question
In a female infant, the ovaries contain:
answer
primary oocytes within primordial follicles.
question
A secondary oocyte arrests in:
answer
metaphase II.
question
How many secondary oocytes ultimately develop from each primary oocyte?
answer
1
question
What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1?
answer
Follicular, ovulation, luteal
question
Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of:
answer
LH.
question
Inhibin is secreted by:
answer
follicular cells, and it inhibits FSH production.
question
The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen.
answer
TRUE
question
Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days:
answer
15-28.
question
FSH facilitates the development of a primary follicle, but estrogen released by a primary follicle inhibits production of GnRH, LH, and FSH.
answer
TRUE
question
The lateral margin of the uterine tube, which bears the fimbriae, is called the:
answer
infundibulum.
question
Fimbriae:
answer
enclose the ovary at the time of ovulation.
question
The normal site of fertilization is the:
answer
isthmus of the uterine tube.
question
What is the correct order for the segments of the uterine tube, beginning at the ovary?
answer
Infundibulum - ampulla - isthmus - uterine part
question
Although the lining of the uterine tubes contains cilia and the lining of the uterus does not, the epithelium within both organs is categorized as:
answer
simple columnar epithelium.
question
Which is not a uterine function?
answer
Usual site of fertilization
question
Which does not provide structural support for the uterus?
answer
Uterine ligament
question
The portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer is the:
answer
endometrium.
question
The external os is the:
answer
opening of the cervix into the vagina.
question
The myometrium of the uterus is composed of:
answer
smooth muscle.
question
What fibromuscular structure is about 10 centimeters long and serves as the birth canal?
answer
Vagina
question
The hymen is located:
answer
near the vaginal orifice.
question
Menarche is:
answer
a female's first menstrual cycle.
question
Which layer of the uterine wall is sloughed off during menstruation?
answer
Functional layer of endometrium
question
The secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with:
answer
the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
question
What is the correct order for the phases of the uterine cycle, beginning with day 1?
answer
Menstrual - proliferative - secretory
question
Estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, and estrogen assists with the development of the dominant follicle.
answer
TRUE
question
Although the length of the menstrual cycle varies between women, menstruation consistently occurs 14 days after ovulation, and thus the _________ phase is constant in length.
answer
secretory
question
Progesterone levels are highest during the ________ phase.
answer
luteal
question
Which of these structures contains sebaceous glands?
answer
Labia minora
question
Which is not part of the vulva?
answer
Vagina
question
The fold of the labia minora that forms a hood over the clitoris is the ________.
answer
prepuce
question
The secretory structures that produce milk in a lactating female are the:
answer
alveoli.
question
The channels that convey milk from the mammary glands to the nipples are called __________ ducts.
answer
lactiferous
question
The posterior pituitary hormone that is crucial for milk ejection is:
answer
oxytocin.
question
The anterior pituitary hormone that facilitates milk production is _________.
answer
prolactin
question
During the excitement phase of the female sexual response, the uterus shifts to a more _________ position.
answer
erect
question
During female sexual excitement, the mammary glands, clitoris, and labia become engorged with blood.
answer
TRUE
question
The function of the dartos and cremaster muscles is to:
answer
regulate the temperature of the testes.
question
The ridge that is visible externally along the midline of the scrotum is called the:
answer
raphe.
question
Which of the following is a thin layer of smooth muscle just beneath the skin of the scrotum?
answer
Dartos muscle
question
Which structure is derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity?
answer
Tunica vaginalis
question
Sperm are produced in the:
answer
seminiferous tubules.
question
The interstitial cells in the testes:
answer
secrete testosterone.
question
Developing sperm cells are protected by a blood-testis barrier formed by:
answer
sustentacular cells.
question
Which is not true about spermatogenesis?
answer
Spermatogenesis begins at birth and continues throughout a man's life.
question
What part of a spermatozoon contains the nuclear material?
answer
Head
question
The stages that appear during spermatogenesis are:
answer
a: spermatid b: primary spermatocyte c: spermatogonium d: spermatozoon e: secondary spermatocyte What is the correct order of appearance of these stages? c, b, e, a, d
question
The acrosome cap contains:
answer
enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte.
question
How many spermatozoa ultimately develop from each primary spermatocyte?
answer
4
question
The final stage of spermatogenesis, during which spermatids develop into mature sperm, is known as ___________.
answer
spermiogenesis
question
In men, LH stimulates:
answer
interstitial cells to secrete testosterone.
question
When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce:
answer
more gametes that are smaller in size.
question
Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature?
answer
Epididymis
question
Which structure is not found in both males and females?
answer
Vestibular gland
question
The rete testis:
answer
receives sperm from the seminiferous tubules.
question
The structures of the male reproductive tract are:
answer
a: ductus deferens b: urethra c: epididymis d: ejaculatory duct e: ampulla What is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis? c, a, e, d, b
question
The ejaculatory duct is formed by the:
answer
ampulla and the proximal portion of the seminal vesicle.
question
Efferent ductules contain cilia that propel sperm toward the epididymis.
answer
TRUE
question
Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra?
answer
Prostate gland
question
Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose?
answer
Seminal vesicle
question
Which of the following is not a component of seminal fluid?
answer
Calcium
question
Which of these male reproductive structures is unpaired (meaning there is only one in the body)?
answer
Prostate gland
question
These tubuloalveolar glands produce a clear, viscous mucin that serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse.
answer
Bulbourethral glands
question
Which statement is accurate?
answer
Semen is composed of seminal fluid and sperm.
question
The corpora cavernosa extend within the glans of the penis.
answer
FALSE
question
The external urethral orifice is found at the _________ of the penis.
answer
glans
question
An erection of the penis is caused by:
answer
blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins.
question
The ___________ nervous system facilitates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of __________.
answer
parasympathetic, nitric oxide
question
During orgasm, the ductus deferens undergoes:
answer
peristalsis, and the internal urethral sphincter of the bladder contracts.
question
During the resolution phase, the central artery of the penis decreases in diameter.
answer
TRUE
question
In males, the _________ region on the Y chromosome initiates male phenotypic development.
answer
TDF
question
The expression of the ________ gene results in the production of proteins that stimulate synthesis of androgens that initiate development af a male phenotype.
answer
SRY
question
The appearance of the external genitalia determine an individual's:
answer
phenotypic sex.
question
Someone born with an inherited condition known as adrenal hyperplasia might have two X chromosomes but genitalia that resemble those of a male. Explain the effects on the individual's phenotypic and genotypic sex.
answer
Since a genetic mutation led to excessive production of androgens in the fetus, the individual's genetic sex is female, but the individual's phenotypic sex could be considered ambiguous or male.
question
The changes that occur in a woman's body at menopause are due to:
answer
reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone.
question
When a woman in her fifth decade of life is not pregnant and has stopped having menstrual cycles for _________, she is said to be in menopause.
answer
1 year
question
During menopause, the vaginal wall becomes ________, and hormonal changes lead to ________ risk of heart disease.
answer
thinner, increased
question
Which is not considered to be a change associated with aging in males?
answer
Termination of spermatogenesis
question
During development, the __________ ducts form the female duct system.
answer
paramesonephric
question
Male embryos develop both Wolffian and Mullerian ducts, but only the Wolffian ducts remain in the male fetus.
answer
TRUE
question
What structures fuse during female development to form the uterus?
answer
The caudal ends of the paramesonephric ducts
question
During fetal development, the vagina forms from the _________ sinus.
answer
urogenital
question
Paramesonephric ducts degenerate when the hormone ________ is present.
answer
AMH
question
In females, the genital tubercle forms the:
answer
clitoris.
question
In males, the labioscrotal swellings form the:
answer
scrotum.
question
Anti-Mullerian hormone is sectreted by:
answer
sustentacular cells.
question
The external genitalia do not become clearly differentiated until about week ____ of development.
answer
20
question
Describe how internal reproductive structures develop. What genetic factors determine whether development proceeds in a male or female manner? What ducts are formed in male and female embryos and fetuses?
answer
Briefly, expression of SRY from the Y chromosome causes Sertoli cells to secrete AMH, which leads to degeneration of the paramesonpheric ducts and continued development of Wolffian ducts to form the epididymis and ductus deferens. In the absence of SRY proteins, mesonephric ducts degenerate and paramesonephric ducts continue to develop helping to form the uterus and uterine tubes.
question
This figure shows a posterior view of the organs of the female reproductive system. Which number indicates the ovarian ligament?
answer
2
question
This figure shows a posterior view of the organs of the female reproductive system. Which number indicates the suspensory ligament?
answer
4
question
This figure shows a posterior view of the organs of the female reproductive system. What structures does number 6 indicate?
answer
Fimbriae
question
This figure shows the duct system in the male reproductive tract. Which number indicates the seminal vesicle?
answer
3
question
This figure shows the duct system in the male reproductive tract. Which number indicates the bulbourethral gland?
answer
5
question
This figure shows the duct system in the male reproductive tract. Which number indicates the crus?
answer
9
question
This figure shows the duct system in the male reproductive tract. Which number indicates the ductus deferens?
answer
6
question
The testes are the male gametes.
answer
FALSE
question
Production of new primary oocytes by mitosis continues throughout a woman's life.
answer
FALSE
question
The corpus luteum secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
answer
TRUE
question
Movement of the oocyte along the uterine tube is due to peristalsis and ciliary action.
answer
TRUE
question
The clitoris is homologous to the penis.
answer
TRUE
question
The dartos muscle is composed of smooth muscle; the cremaster muscle is composed of skeletal muscle.
answer
TRUE
question
Sperm begin to exhibit motility once they exit the seminiferous tubules.
answer
FALSE
question
An erection is the result of parasympathetic innervation, and ejaculation is the result of sympathetic innervation.
answer
TRUE
question
The uterine tubes are covered and suspended by a superior portion of the broad ligament called the _________________.
answer
mesosalpinx
question
Normally, the uterus is angled anterosuperiorly within the body, a position referred to as _________________.
answer
anteverted
question
The _______________ cells support, nourish, and protect developing sperm cells.
answer
sustentacular
question
The ______________ is a comma-shaped structure that lies on the surface of the testis, and includes a head, body, and tail.
answer
epididymis
question
Decreased testosterone levels in males in their 50s signal a change called the male _________________.
answer
climacteric
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