Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
answer
right ventricle
(The right ventricle sends the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk.)
question
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
answer
two pumps (Yes, the right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit))
question
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
answer
right atrium ( the right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit)
question
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
answer
left atrium (the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.)
question
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
answer
right ventricle (the right ventricle pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk to the lungs)
question
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
answer
left ventricle (the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body (systemic circuit))
question
Which of the following is NOT a difference between the left and right ventricles?
1)The left ventricle is a more powerful pump than the right ventricle.
2)The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than the walls of the right ventricle.
3)The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle.
4)The left ventricle pumps blood to the systemic circuit, while the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit.
answer
The left ventricle receives a smaller percentage of coronary blood supply than the right ventricle. (Since the demands on the left ventricle are so great, it receives the highest percentage of the coronary blood supply.)
question
The heart's pacemaker is the..........
answer
sinoatrial node (The sinoatrial node (SA node), which is in the right atrial wall, is the heart's pacemaker. The autorhythmic cells of this node generate the sinus rhythm that determines heart rate.)
question
Which of the following terms refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells?
answer
ischemia (Ischemia refers to a lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle cells.)
question
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
answer
SA node ( the SA Node spontaneously depolarizes, causing the wave of depolarization that spreads through the rest of the conduction system and heart.)
question
What does the ECG wave tracing represent?
answer
electrical activity in the heart (the ECG waves show the depolarization and repolarization in various areas of the heart.)
question
What does the QRS complex represent in the ECG wave tracing?
answer
ventricular depolarization (the QRS complex represents depolarization in the ventricles, which have greater mass than the atria.)
question
Contraction of the atria results from which wave of depolarization on the ECG tracing?
answer
P wave (the P wave represents atrial depolarization, which leads to atrial contraction.)
question
Which part of the intrinsic conduction system delays the impulse briefly before it moves on to the ventricles?
answer
AV node (the AV node slows down the impulse giving the atria time to contract before the ventricles contract.)
question
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?
1)decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
2)increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
3)increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume
4)decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume
answer
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume (cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume)
question
Which of the following would increase heart rate?
1)decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
2)increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system
3)epinephrine and norepinephrine
4)acetylcholine
answer
epinephrine and norepinephrine (secreted by the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic stimulation, these hormones act as part of the sympathetic response, increasing heart rate.)
question
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?
answer
increased contractility (an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity would increase contractility (by increasing available calcium), thus increasing stroke volume. Contractility causes an increase in stroke volume by decreasing end systolic volume; it does not change end diastolic volume.))
question
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume?
answer
increased end diastolic volume (an increase in venous return increases the end diastolic volume. The fibers are stretched more, resulting in an increase in the force of contraction (preload, or the Frank-Starling Mechanism).)
question
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output?
answer
decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output (a decreased blood volume would decrease the end diastolic volume, thus lowering the stroke volume. Although this would initially lead to a decrease in the cardiac output, heart rate would increase because of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system in an effort to maintain cardiac output.)
question
The QRS complex represents __________.
answer
ventricular depolarization (The QRS complex shows ventricular depolarization.)
question
What does the T wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?
answer
ventricular repolarization (The T wave of the ECG represents ventricular repolarization as the heart rests and prepares to contract again.)
question
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.
answer
pump blood with greater pressure
question
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________.
answer
left atrium
question
Which of the following is the outermost covering of the heart?
1)epicardium
2)visceral layer
3)parietal layer
4)fibrous pericardium
answer
fibrous pericardium
question
Which layer of the heart wall contracts and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue?
answer
myocardium
question
Which of the following does NOT deliver blood to the right atrium?
1)pulmonary veins
2)coronary sinus
3)superior vena cava
4)inferior vena cava
answer
pulmonary veins (The pulmonary veins deliver blood to the left atrium, not the right atrium.)
question
The __________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
answer
tricuspid (The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.)
question
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
1)Ventricles are in diastole.
2)Ventricles are in systole.
3)Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta.
4)AV valves are closed.
answer
Ventricles are in diastole.
question
What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells?
answer
intercalated discs (Intercalated discs connect the heart muscle cells. They include desmosomes (anchoring junctions) and gap junctions (communicating junctions).)
question
At what rate does the sinoatrial (SA) node ensure depolarization in the heart?
answer
75 beats of the heart per minute
question
Specifically, what part of the intrinsic conduction system stimulates the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct impulses to the atrioventricular bundle?
answer
sinoatrial (SA) node
question
Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the time during which the atria repolarize?
answer
QRS complex
question
During which portion of the electrocardiogram do the atria contract?
answer
P-R interval
question
Which of the following increases stroke volume?
1)exercise
2)decrease in preload
3)severe blood loss
4)decrease in end diastolic volume (EDV)
answer
exercise
question
The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is caused by __________.
answer
closure of the atrioventricular valves (The first heart sound (the "lub" of the "lub-dup") is generated by the closure of the atrioventricular valves.)
question
Which of the following would increase heart rate?
1)low metabolic rate
2)cold temperature
3)parasympathetic stimulation
4)epinephrine
answer
epinephrine (Sympathetic stimulation (i.e., exercise) can lead to the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, both of which increase heart rate.)
question
Which of the following is NOT a factor that regulates stroke volume?
1)afterload
2)heart rate
3)contractility
4)preload
answer
heart rate (Heart rate does not affect stroke volume. Heart rate and stroke volume determine cardiac output.)
question
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
1)closure of the heart valves
2)excitation of the SA node
3)friction of blood against the chamber walls
4)opening and closing of the heart valves
answer
closure of the heart valves
question
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________.
answer
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
question
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?
1)gender
2)skin color
3)body temperature
4)age
answer
skin color
question
A foramen ovale ________.
1)is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus
2)connects the two atria in the fetal heart
3)is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum
4)is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close
answer
connects the two atria in the fetal heart
question
true or false:Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons.
answer
false
question
true or false: As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.
answer
true
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