AP Human Geography Unit 8, Political Geography

17 February 2023
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autonomous region
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an area of a country that has degree of autonomy , or has freedom from an external authority.
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balance of power
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condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
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Berlin Conference
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a meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.
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border
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a line separating two political or geographical areas, especially countries.
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boundary
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invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory.
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capital city
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the city that is the seat of government of a state, nation, or province.
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centripetal force
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an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
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centrifugal force
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a force that divides people and countries.
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city-state
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a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.
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civil divisions
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the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters.
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colonialism
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attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.
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colony
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a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent.
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compact state
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a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.
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democratization
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the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representatives.
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devolution
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the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states.
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elongated state
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a state with a long, narrow shape.
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EEZ
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under the of the sea, and Exclusive Economic zone (EEZ) is a sea-zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.
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enclave
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an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it.
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exclave
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a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
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fragmented state
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a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory.
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federalism
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political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head.
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frontier
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a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
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high seas
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the portion of the oceans considered common territory, not under any kind of exclusive state jurisdiction.
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gerrymandering
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process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
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imperialism
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control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.
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irredentism
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a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country.
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landlocked state
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a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
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microstate
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a state that encompasses a very small land area.
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multinational state
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state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.
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perforated state
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a state that completely surrounds another one.
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prorupted state
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an otherwise state with a large projecting extension.
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sovereignty
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ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
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Soviet Union
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former name of communist Russia.
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state
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an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.
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stateless nation
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a nation of people that does not have a territory to legally occupy, like the Palestinians, Kurds, and Basques.
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territorial waters
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the area of sea around a country's coast recognized as being under that country's jurisdiction.
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territoriality
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the behavior of a male animal that defines and defends it territory.
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terrorism
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the use of violence by non-governmental groups against civilians to achieve a political goal by instilling fear and frightening governments into changing policies.
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unitary state
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an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.
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supranational organization
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a venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organization.
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UNCLOS
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
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United Nations
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international organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.