AP Human Geography || Chapter 8

26 November 2022
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Antecedent Boundaries
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a boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscaped developed
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Boundary
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an indivisible line marking the extent of a state's territory
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Centrifugal Forces
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the outward force on a body moving in a curved path around another body
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Centripetal Forces
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an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
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Choke Point
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a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective.
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City-State
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a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
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Colonialism
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attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
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Colonies
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a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
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Commonwealth of Independent States
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an alliance made up of states that had been the Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in 1991
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Compact State
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a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly; usually shaped circular [Examples: Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, Kenya]
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Confederation
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an alliance
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Cultural Boundaries
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boundaries between states that coincide with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion; another cultural boundary is drawn according to geometry
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Decolonization
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the action of changing from colonial to independent status
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Devolution
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the passing of authority [especially from a central government to a regional government]
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Elongated State
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a state with a long, narrow shape [Examples: Chile, Italy, Malawi, Gambia]
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Enclave
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a territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory [Example: Lesotho]
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European Union
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Western Europe's most important economic organization; the main task is to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation
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Exclave
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is a territory legally or politically attached to another territory with which it is not politically contiguous [Example: Liberty Island]
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Exclusive Economic Zone
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a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources; stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast
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Federal States
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an internal organization of that state that allocates most powers to units of local governments [Examples: United States, India, Brazil, Canada]
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Fragmented States
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a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory [Examples: Indonesia, India, Alaska, Russia]
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Frontier
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a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control [Antarctica, Saudi Arabia]
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Geometric Boundaries
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straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and/or cultural differences [Example: United States/Canada border]
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Geopolitical
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relating to the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of states
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Heartland Theory
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Hypothesis proposed by Halford Mckinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world
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High Seas
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refers to the area of the sea beyond the national jurisdiction of any state
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Imperialism
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control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society
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International Organizations
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an organization with an international membership, scope or presence
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Landlocked
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a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
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Maritime Boundaries
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a conceptual means of division of the water surface of the planet into maritime areas that are defined through surrounding physical geography or by human geography
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Median Lines
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an approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.
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Microstates
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a state that encompasses a very small land area
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Multinational States
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contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
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Nation
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a politically organized body of people under a single government
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Nation State
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a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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North American Free Trade Agreement
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an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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a military alliance among 16 democratic states including the United States and Canada, plus 14 European states [Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey and the United Kingdom. France Spain were members but did not contribute troops]; designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe
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Organic Theory
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It is comparing a state to a living organism. The state needs land to grow such as an organism needs nutrition to grow.
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Perforated State
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a state that completely surrounded by another state [Example: South Africa]
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Physical Boundaries
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boundaries that are made by important physical features on Earth's surface; can include mountains, deserts and water.
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Prorupted State
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an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension [Examples: Congo, Afghanistan]
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Reapportionment
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to redistribute or reallocate
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Redistricting
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changing political borders
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Religious Boundaries
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boundaries between states that coincide with religious differences [Examples: India/Pakistan, Northern Ireland]
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Rimland
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a land or region at the periphery of the heartland
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Self-Determination
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the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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Sovereignty
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government free from external control
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State
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an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
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Stateless
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without a state or nationality
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Subsequent Boundaries
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boundaries that are created as a result of long time processes
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Superimposed Boundaries
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boundaries that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve an issue/conflict
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Supranational Organizations
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a world or regional organization that is not tied to any one sovereign country [Example: World Bank]
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Territorial Sea
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a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state
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Terrorism
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the calculated use of violence (or the threat of violence) against civilians in order to attain goals that are political or religious or ideological in nature; this is done through intimidation or coercion or instilling fear
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Unitary State
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an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
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United Nations
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international organization created at the end of WWII to help maintain international peace
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas
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defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources
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Warsaw Pact
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a military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack [Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania]; designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe