AP Human Geography Chapter 2 Vocabulary

The scientific study of population characteristics. Example: age, gender, occupation, fertility, health, and so on.

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Example: China (1.3 billion) and India (1.2 billion).

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement. Example: NOT dry, wet, cold, or high lands.

The total number of people divided by the total land area. Example: The US' arithmetic density is 80 per square mile.

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. Example: The US' physiological density is 445 per square mile.

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture. Example: The US' agricultural density is 1 farmer per square mile.

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Example: CBR of 20 means 20 births per 1,000 in a year.

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. Example: CDR of 20 means 20 deaths per 1,000 in a year.

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Example: NIR of 1.5 means a growth of 15 per 1,000 in a year.

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Example: 6.6 billion with a 1.2 doubling time will add 80 million.

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. Example: TFR for the world is 2.7; a woman typically has 3 kids.

The total number of deaths in a year among infants infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society. Example: IMR exceeds 100 in Africa; more than 10% of babies die.

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live. Example: Life expectancy is favorable in wealthy countries.

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population. Example: Low, High, Moderate, and Low Growth.

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. Example: Countries in 8000BC.

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. Example: Countries after 1750, began in England.

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Example: LDCs during the second half of the 20th century.

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero. Example: Russia, Eastern Euporean Countries, and so on.

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. Example: Shows percentage of total population in 5 year groups.

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force. Example: 1:1 in stage 2 and 1:2 in stage 4.

The number of males per 100 females in the population. Example: 95:100 in Europe and N. America. 102:100 elsewhere.

A compete enumeration of a population. Example: Bureau of the Census.

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Example: Stages 1-(5) with different dieases.

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people. Example: Black Plague, Cholera, and so on.

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Example: A(H5N1)/Avian Flu.

Very high birth and death rates with virtually no NIR. No country here.

Rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rate, very high NIR. Industrial Revolution brought North America and Europe here. Medical Revolution brought Asia, Africa, and Latin America here. 176 countries total reside in this stage and stage 3.

Birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and NIR rates begin to moderate. The decision to have less kids is due to economic and cultural change. People in this stage are more likely to live in urban areas. Most countries in Europe and North America moved here during the first half of the twentieth century. Many countries in Asia and Latin America moved here in the later half of the twentieth century.

Very low birth and death rates with virtually no long term NIR and maybe even a decline. Countries reach this stage when they hit ZPG. Women in this stage tend to be in the work force rather than consistently giving birth. 20 countries are in this stage.

2 factors contribute to this: Education and Healthcare, also Contraception.

Malthus stated that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically.

is land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

The percentage of a worker's pre-retirement income that is paid out by a pension program upon retirement

A temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following World War 2

The theory that the Earth's resources will not be used up, and human ingenuity will make it possible to expand the food supply

biological species in an environment is the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other necessities available in the environment.

Somebody who promotes human reproduction.

A sudden decline in the birthrate

a group of people banded together or treated as a group.

the generation born after the Western Post-World War II baby boom.

The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus FRS was an English cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. Malthus himself used only his middle name Robert

refers to people with the same basic concerns as Malthus, who advocate for population control programs, to ensure resources for current and future populations.[2] In Britain the term Malthusian can also refer more specifically to arguments made in favour of preventive birth control, hence organizations such as the Malthusian League.[4] Neo-Malthusians seem to differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their enthusiasm for contraceptive techniques

is a condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines, considered as a social aim by some.

Pessimists when it comes to population. They tend to agree with Malthus

Optimists when it comes to population