AP Human Geography 10

specific area within a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign (and domestic) businesses and investment.

established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract business and investment (labor is cheaper and environmental restrictions are relatively weak).

an EPZ in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the US market; primarily foreign-owned factories that assemble imported components (or raw materials) and export finished goods.

areas devoted to research, development, and sale of high technology products; the networking and synergistic advantages of concentrating in these areas (with good universities and infrastructure) facilitate modern technological innovation (e.g., Silicon Valley, Boston).

refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th c. made possible through modern technology (and obviously has continued to accelerate into today).

the social and psychological effects of living in the modern technological world (the world seems smaller, or compressed).

refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population. Higher standards of living are found in MDC's rather than LDC's.

expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to a global scale and impact; these processes transcend state boundaries.

laid the groundwork for today's globalized networks; physical process of a state putting its government in charge of a foreign place to gain control of its people and resources.

process through which something is given monetary value (e.g., bottled water).

transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity (spaces of consumption such as Riverfront in Ft. Lauderdale, Times Square, ...).

popular culture tends to create a more similar and homogenous cultural landscape; many criticize that globalization has promoted this and has reduced the distinctiveness of the world in general.

process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country; certain economic activities may dominate in particular regions.

process by which people in a local pace alter regional, national, and global processes; "think globally, act locally"; can refer to a business strategy for MNCs (multinational corporations) to build local roots.

notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale, and vice versa; the result of a modern and globalized world.

ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain (e.g., Perdue Farms).

ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain (e.g., PepsiCo owns Gatorade, Frito-Lay, Quaker, ... YUM! owns Taco Bell, KFC, A&W, ...).

is the cross promotion of vertically integrated goods & services (e.g., Magic Kingdom - Frontierland Fries - hosted by McDonald's, Mickey's PhilharMagic - presented by Kodak ...). Gatekeepers: people or companies who control access to information (e.g., CNN, Wall Street Journal, Fox News, Al-Jazeera, ...).

capitalist economy based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free enterprise system set by supply and demand.

economic system that incorporates a mixture of private and government ownership or control, or a mixture of capitalism and socialism.

communist economic system in which a central government determines the price of goods and services, controls the factors of production and makes all decisions about their use and about the distribution of income (e.g., the Soviet Union). In the 1980's and 90's the communist governments presiding over planned economies began deregulating and moving toward market based economies today most economies are market or mixed economies, except those in Cuba or North Korea.

refugee seeking shelter and protection in one state from another state

economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government (not included in GNP as the formal economy is); examples are the black market, illegal drug trade, odd jobs or work done "under the table", and remittances (money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries).

hypothetical situation in which place and territory are unimportant because global superhighways of information transcend place (e.g., internet, weblogs (blogs - over 112 million as of 2008!), cell phones, ...) ... however, people continue to recognize territories and create places.

describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world.

necessitated the onset of the 2nd Agr. Rev.; field methods improved (planting, sowing, watering, harvesting,...); transportation and storage of produce involved less waste & loss.

colder weather caused famines, epidemics, especially in the North where wheat was primarily grown; the Qing (1644-1912) rulers ordered an end to overseas expeditions; built only ships for the Grand Canal (with cargoes of Southern rice brought to the North; rice became the staple crop of the Chinese).

Post-1850 phase; glaciers are retreating; global temperatures are warming; agriculture has expanded. The Industrial Optimum was interrupted by cooler decades from 1940-1970 (this led to the green revolution); but temperatures are rising again.

energy replaced continually within a human lifespan, has an essentially unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by people. Solar energy, hydroelectric, geothermal, fusion and wind, are the most widely used.

energy formed so slowly that for practical purposes it cannot be renewed. The three main fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), natural gas, and coal) plus nuclear energy are the most widely used, mostly because they are more cost efficient.

Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth, usually from an ore body (e.g., iron), vein (e.g., silver), or coal seam. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially, is mined (mining in a wider sense then includes the extraction of petroleum, natural gas, and water).

a renewable resource; fresh water distribution is sustained by the hydrologic cycle (which brings rain and snow from the oceans to the landmasses); much of that water is lost through runoff & evaporation, but a substantial amount seeps downward into aquifers (porous, water-holding rocks called). Nearly ¾ of all the fresh water in the world is consumed in farming, (not in cities) industries use another 20%, sometimes contributing heavily to pollution.

located between Kazakhstan & Uzbekistan, a negative example of environmental modification; one of the great ecological disasters of the 20th c. Streams that fed this large sea were diverted to irrigate the surrounding desert (mainly for commercial cotton production). Chemical fertilizers have ruined the groundwater below, causing a major health crisis. By the 1990s it had lost more than 75% of its original surface area!

a renewable resource ...

sulfuric acid and nitric acid dissolved in droplets of water) is caused by the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas); emitted by cars, industries,...; it can be caustic enough to do great damage over time (e.g. acidification of lakes, stunting of forests, loss of crops & fish,...).

a naturally occurring O3 exists in the upper levels of the stratosphere (when O3 is too plentiful in the troposphere (0-16 kilometer altitude), smog can occur); protects the Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays; CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) found in refrigerants, fire extinguishers, and aerosol cans used since the 1950s were found to be harmful to the ozone layer (a "hole" exists over Antarctica). The Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 to deal w/ CFCs.

are increasing at a rate of 2% per decade (CO2, methane, nitrous oxides,...); the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 by more than 80 countries; it laid out plans to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases; the US has decided to go its own course (would have restricted U.S. growth, but not for "developing countries" including India or China); the US eventually abandoned it unilaterally (although the rate of US emissions has been reduced).

soil is renewable...

(encroachment of desert conditions) is cyclic; the Sahara alone has lost 270,000 sq. mi. of non-desert land over the past 50 yrs.; accelerated by overgrazing, woodcutting, soil exhaustion,...

in the 1980s, the Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO - part of the UN) studied its effects; determined that 44% of global tropical rainforests are already affected by cutting. 1% is logged every year; at this rate the entire equatorial forest would be gone in less than 90 yrs. Forests convert CO2 to oxygen counteract oxygen loss & greatly affect the oxygen cycle.

has been a "quiet crisis;" topsoil loss (loss of the top fertile layer of soil through erosion) is a tremendous problem in areas with fragile soils, steep slopes, or torrential seasonal rains; population pressure (overpopulation which exceeds the carrying capacity of an area) has been a major cause - as agricultural land use intensifies, water & wind erosion increases; >25 billion tons of topsoil is lost per year worldwide.

US is the largest producer (3.7 lbs. per person per day); containers, packaging, etc...; core regions (US, EU, Japan) export solid waste to the periphery. MDCs have sanitary landfills (prepared areas for waste disposal (includes a floor of materials to treat seeping liquids)); LDCs have open garbage dumps, decomposition sends methane into air (acid rain), contaminants seep into the groundwater. Toxic waste can cause death or injury to living creatures (chemicals, infectious materials, ...).

low-level: give off small amounts of radiation - hospitals, research facilities, nuclear power plants are the main sources of these minor contaminants. High-level: nuclear power plants & nuclear weapons facilities; may cause massive pollution and contamination; no satisfactory means of disposing high-level radioactive waste (e.g. most is stored in the facilities themselves, although salt effectively blocks some radiation).

(biologic diversity) 1.75 million species identified in the world today (may be tens of millions more); human travel has introduced new species worldwide, and has threatened many species (e.g. Columbian exchange); combination of human population pressure, technology & economic forces lead to species endangerment & extinction (e.g., Dodo bird, passenger pigeon, ...)

more technology = more environmental stress, resource demand and usage, pollution,...; greater demand for meat (can lead to cutting of rainforests for grazing land); ...

global partnership of 178 countries organized by the United Nations and the World Bank in 1991; funds projects related to six issues: 1) loss of biodiversity; 2) climate change; 3) protection of international waters; 4) depletion of the ozone layer; 5) land degradation; and 6) persistent organic pollutants.

- in 2001, 168 countries agreed to lower human activities that negatively affect biological systems ad the environment (proposed by the UN Environment Programme); UN General Assembly has declared 2010 as the "International Year of Biodiversity"

was signed in 1987 to initially eliminate chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) production by 2000; participants eventually agreed to stop by 1996, and to accelerate the phase-out of other ozone-depleting chemicals.

was signed in 1997 by more than 80 countries; it laid out plans to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, ...); the US has decided to go its own course - and has actually abandoned it unilaterally (it would restrict U.S. growth, but not restrict "developing countries" such as India or China)

application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.

There are two types, contagious and hierarchical. Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread.

when an outbreak affects a large number of people in a region (may be associated with a large number of deaths.

when the outbreak spreads to other regions around the world (e.g. influenza - 1918).

an adjective used to describe a disease that is particular to a region.

organism (e.g. worms, insects, viruses, bacteria,...) that infects people (hosts).

a mechanical vector (water, food, soil,...).

when a population contains a large number of hosts.

when a disease is carried from one host to the next by an intermediate host

spread through contact, no intermediate host (vector).

result from an invasion of parasites; 65% of all illnesses.

(occurs worldwide, but not at higher latitudes; mosquitoes are the vectors; symptoms include fever, chills, reduced energy, and higher susceptibility to other diseases (kills b/w 2-3 million yearly). In 1955, the WHO (World Health Organization) used DDT (a pesticide) to eliminate malaria in Sri Lanka (Ceylon); DDT is carcinogenic (cancer-causing).

now confined to tropical & near-tropical areas; mosquitoes are the vectors; symptoms - high fever w/ aches & vomiting; can color eyes and skin yellow (jaundice).

source is in West Africa; tsetse flies are the vectors & Africa's huge wildlife population acts as a reservoir; symptoms - fever w/ swelling of lymph nodes, and swelling of limbs in some cases; inflammation can go to brain & spinal cord (lethargy).

passed by direct transmission through 1) bodily contact (w/o the vectors); 2) contamination of food or water (fecal matter); 3) contamination of the air (saliva - sneezing).

source is often in China; transmitted from birds to pigs, from pigs to humans (virus survives in the air long enough to be transmitted w/o vectors); 1918 - worst pandemic in history (50-100 million died worldwide).

source is in tropical Africa; spreads through exchange in bodily fluids; breaks down the immune system; people can carry HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) for years w/o symptoms; 1980 - 200,000 cases; 2002 - >40 million cases (major epidemic in Western and Southern Africa).

source is in India; symptoms include diarrhea & dehydration (death can be convulsive); hygiene prevents it (e.g. boiling water) - this fact was first discovered in England by Dr. John Snow in the 1850s; he mapped out the reported cases (shown in the dot map), and saved hundreds of lives.

diseases of longevity or age; long-term deterioration; often concentrated in urban/industrial cores (infectious is most common in the periphery); the U.S. top four causes of death - 4) lung diseases (5%); 3) stroke (6%); 2) cancer (23%); 1) heart disease (26%).

traced to genetic factors; chromosomes & genes. (e.g., radiation, viruses); some examples include Down's Syndrome, galactosemia (lactose intolerance).