AP Gov- Presidency (Unit 4)

2 November 2022
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Ad Hoc
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White House Office structure: several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters; Clinton
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Bully pulpit
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The president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public; Theodore Roosevelt, Barack Obama
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Executive Agreement
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A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval; Louisiana Purchase
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Executive Orders
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a rule issued by the president that has the force of law and one way a president can control the bureaucracy
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Executive privilege
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An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary (limited by US v. Nixon)
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12th amendment
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seperated the ballot of president and vice-president. needed to be created after the election of 1800
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20th amendment
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Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress.
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25th amendment
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adopted in 1967 to establish procedures for filling vacancies in the office of president and vice president as well as providing for procedures to deal with the disability of a president.
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22nd amendment
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limits the number of terms a president may be elected to serve (2 termzzz)
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cabinet
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persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers
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veto message
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A message from the president to Congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within ten days of the bill's passage.
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unified government
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the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress
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pocket veto
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a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns
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line-item veto
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An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature.
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circular structure
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White House Office structure: several presidential assistants report directly to the president; Carter
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signing statement
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A presidential document that reveals what the president thinks of a new law and how it ought to be enforced
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pyramid structure
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White House Office structure: a president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff
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electoral college
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the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
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gridlock
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the inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government
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impeachment
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The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." (Johnson and Clinton)
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divided government
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Governance divided between the parties, as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress.
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legislative veto
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the authority of congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The supreme court has held that congress does not have this power
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Clause with presidential power
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"Take care that the laws be faithfully executed"
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politivs and public opinion
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Greatest source of presidential power
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35
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age of president
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14
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president a US resident
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$400,000
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president salary
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270
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Number of electoral votes to win presidency
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Prime minister
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chosen from majority party in parliament
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Members of president's cabinet
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close friends, campaign aides, reps of important constituencies, experts on various policy isssues
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Article II
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Defines power of executive branch
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powers of president alone
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commander-in-chief of the armed forces, grants reprieves for fed offenses, convence Congress in special sessions, receive ambassadors, appoint officials
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powers of president shared with Congress
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make treaties, appoint ambassadors, judges and high officials, apporve legislation
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principal agencies of Exec Office
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Office of Management and Budget, Director of National Interlligence, Council of Economic Advisors, Office of Personel Management, Office of the US Trade Representative
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Vacancies Act
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Passed in 1868, this law limits acting appointees to 120 days in office. If the Senate takes no action during those 120 days, the acting official may stay in office until he or she, or someone else, is confirmed for the post.`
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Richard Neustadt's "in-n-outers"
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people who alternate between jobs in federal government and private sectors
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Three audiences of president
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Washington DC, officeholders outside of Washington DC, the public
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US v. Nixon
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Supreme Court ruling that stated that there is no "absolute unqualified" presidential privilege of immunity.
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Nixon v. Fitzgerald
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the president may not be sued while in office
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Clinton v. Jones
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the president may be sued for actions taken before he became president
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Budget Reform Act of 1974
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Required the president to spend all appropriated funds, unless Congress approved the impoundment.
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enhanced recission
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a bill passed by Congress in 1996 that gave the president the power to cancel parts of a spending bill passed by Congress without vetoing the entire thing; ruled UNCONSTITUTIONAL
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Brownlow Committee
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1937, associated with expansion of White House staff under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed six new presidential assistants
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Circular White House Office Structure
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staff and advisors report directly to the Oval Office
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Pyramid white House Office Structure
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president on top with the chief of staff running the white house staff
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Veto
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a vote that blocks a decision
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Pocket Veto
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a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before congress adjourns
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Line-Item Veto
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an executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature
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Unified Government
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the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress
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Divided Government
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One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress
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Electoral College
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the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president
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Presidential Coattails
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when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates that belong to same party as President because they support him.
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22nd Amendment
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limits the president to two terms
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White House Office
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The personal office of the president, which tends to presidential political needs and manages the media.
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Executive Privilege
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The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.
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25th Amendment
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Amendment about presidential succession, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential disability
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Impoundment
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placing private property in the custody of an officer of the law
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Budget Reform Act ('74)
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Requires the president to spend all appropriated funds. Federal courts have upheld the rule that the president must spend, without delay for policy reasons, money that Congress has appropriated.
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War Powers Act
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Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort
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Executive Orders
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Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy.
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National Security Council
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a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security
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Executive Office of the President (EOP)
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created in 1939 to help the president oversee the executive branch bureaucracy.