AP Bio Chapter 22-25 Mastering Biology

Why should we not view lactose intolerance as a disease in adult humans?

Why is the enzyme lactase necessary to digest dairy products?

How do lactase supplements help people who are lactose intolerant?

In which country would you most likely find a higher incidence of lactase persistence?

Most people are lactose intolerant as adults, but nearly everyone produces sufficient lactase as an infant. However, in some cases, genetic mutations can occur that make an infant lactose intolerant. From an evolutionary perspective -- over thousands of years -- why would lactose intolerance in infants be very rare in the population?

Lactose intolerance in infants is more common in the population today than it was a hundred years ago. Why?

All the genes in a population are that population's _____.

Genetic drift is a process based on _____.

A mutation occurs when _____.

Every few years a giant axe chops off the head of every person who is over 6 feet tall. How will this affect the human population?

Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans.

The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____. `

In human gamete production there is an average of _____ crossover events per chromosome pair.

Which of the following are basic components of the Hardy-Weinberg model?

Which of the following statements is not a part of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

True or false? The Hardy-Weinberg model makes the following assumptions: no selection at the gene in question; no genetic drift; no gene flow; no mutation; random mating.

What is the frequency of the A1A2 genotype in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals?

What is the frequency of the A1 allele in a population composed of 20 A1A1 individuals, 80 A1A2 individuals, and 100 A2A2 individuals?

Which of the following evolutionary forces consistently results in adaptive changes in allele frequencies?

What genotype frequencies are expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a population with allele frequencies of p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 for a particular gene?

Which of the following evolutionary forces could create new genetic information in a population?

Which of the following are causes of evolutionary change?

Generation-to-generation change in the allele frequencies in a population is _____.

Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?

In a bell-shaped curve, the x-axis (horizontal direction) of the graph represents which of the following?

True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.

Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?

Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?

Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?

Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?

What does the wide variety of different types of animal eyes represent?

A giraffe and a mouse (both mammals) have the same number of vertebrae in their neck and spine. Which of the following accounts for this?

Sharks (which are fish) and dolphins (which are mammals) are both shaped like a torpedo. Which of the following accounts for this?

Which of the following best describes the likely evolutionary steps that led to a complex eye like we see in humans?

Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?

Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?

Identify the four postulates of natural selection.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype?

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment?

In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer?

True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.

The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.

Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____.

_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition.

Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____.

The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____.

The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____.

Part complete Which term is used to describe populations that live close enough to interbreed?

What prevents speciation from occurring in sympatric populations?

True or false? A mating between a tetraploid individual and a diploid individual produces biologically fit offspring.

Which of the following statements about autopolyploid individuals is true?

What would be the ploidy of the viable gametes produced by a tetraploid individual if nondisjunction of all chromosomes occurred in meiosis I?

How can an allopolyploid plant become a biologically fit new species?

How many chromosomes would be found in an allopolyploid plant if its parents had diploid numbers of 2 and 10, respectively?

Why are the large finches now living on the Galápagos Islands different from the original source population from a nearby island?

True or false? The last ice age produced many different species mainly because populations dispersed and colonized new habitats.

Which of the following statements about reinforcement is true?

A subset of a population of birds leaves its habitat on the mainland and colonizes a nearby island. The birds, after a period of time, become reproductively isolated. The island sinks and the population of birds that lived on the island returns to itsoriginal habitat. Which of the following statements about these bird populations is true?

A population of birds colonizes an area in which the insects upon which they feed live inside trees. Which of the following events accounts for an observed increase in average beak size in the bird population over time?

True or false? A flood that separates a population of frogs onto opposite sides of a lake is an example of a vicariance event that may result in allopatric speciation.

Reptiles first appeared during the _____ era.

We are living during the _____era.

Dinosaurs went extinct during the _____.

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Paleozoic era.

Life arose during the _____.

Flowering plants first appeared during the _____.

The Mesozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.

The Precambrian time began at least _____ million years ago.

Seed plants first appeared during the _____.

The first prokaryotic cells appeared during the _____.

Animals first appeared during the _____.

The Cenozoic era began approximately _____ million years ago.

_____ were the dominant vertebrate life form during the Mesozoic era.

Part complete Most modern animal phyla evolved during the _____ era.

Bony fish first evolved during the _____ .

Which of the following statements about adaptive radiation is correct?

Which organisms are not examples of an adaptive radiation?

True or false? Convergent evolution is said to have occurred if the mouse species on two islands with similar habitats are found to have similar characteristics even though they originated from different species that did not have these characteristics

Which Anolis lizard ecomorph has long legs?

Which of the following statements about the evolution of Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands is true?

What was the main selective pressure behind the evolution of different Anolis lizard species in the Caribbean?

True or false? The evolution of different ecomorphs on the Caribbean islands is an example of stabilizing selection.

The scientific community was slow to accept the asteroid impact hypothesis. Why?

Which evidence is consistent with the asteroid impact hypothesis?

What was the critical piece of evidence that supported the hypothesis that an asteroid struck Earth 65 million years ago?

How could an asteroid impact kill off such a large number of different species all over the planet?