A.P.U.S.H Chapter: 35

26 August 2022
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ABC-1 Agreement:
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(1941) Agreement between Britain and the United States developed at a conference in Washington, DC, that should the United States enter World War II, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planning, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth. "Get Germany"
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American Citizens from Axis powers:
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Supported the U.S. war program. Votes were crucial to FDR.
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Executive Order No. 9066:
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FDR required Japanese to be sent to concentration camps.
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New Deal Programs:
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Civilian Conservation Corps, Works Progress Administration, and the National Youth Administration were wiped out by an elected conservative congress in 1942.
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War Production Board (WPB):
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Told American factories to mass produce weaponry. It halted production of non essentials. Henry Kaiser built ships at fast pace.
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Japanese and rubber:
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Japanese invaded British Malaya and the Dutch Indies, snapping Americas lifeline of rubber. National speed limits and gasoline rationing came from this.
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Office of Price Administration (OPA)/National War Labor Board (NWLB):
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Government agency which curbed inflation by fixing price ceilings on commodities and introducing rationing programs during World War II.
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Labor Unions:
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Resented government dictated wage ceilings. Pop. increased. Held labor walkouts. Prominent was the United Mine Workers.
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Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act:
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Authorized fed. gov. to seize and operate tied-up industries. Strikes on government operated industries were crimes.
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Women in WW2:
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WAACs (army) WAVES (navy), and SPARs (Coast Guard) all employed women for noncombat duties.
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The Bracero Program:
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Brought Mexican agriculture workers (braceros) to harvest crops . (1942).
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Migration of Blacks:
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Moved from South to North and West to work at war plants. Race was an issue when they moved. Phillip A. Randolph: Headed Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, he threatened a march on Washington for = rights.
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Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC):
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By FDR, Prohibited discrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment. NAACP population grew.
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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE):
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In 1942, Nonviolent civil rights organization.
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Indians:
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Moved to major cities, mainly in California. Comanches in Europe and Navajos in Pacific contributed as Code talkers: transmitted radio messages in native tongue so Germans and Japanese couldn't understand.
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General MacArthur:
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Held off Japanese attacks on the Philippines for 5 months, but after giving up he attended the Bataan Death March to war camps. Japanese took over Philippines.
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Battle of Midway:
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Led by Admirals Chester W. Nimitz and Raymond A. Spruance. U.S. naval victory over Japanese in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.
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Japanese take over Kiska and Attu Islands in Alaska:
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Americans feared Japanese would invade America.
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Marshal Erwin Rommel:
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Led Germans from North Africa to Egypt, very close to Suez Canal, but British General Bernard Montgomery attacked Germans at El Alamein. Pushed them back to Tunisia.
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Stalingrad:
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Russians stalled Germans. Russians took back their land.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower:
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Headed attacks on French-held North Africa. Won. Also led attacks on D-Day.
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Meeting at Tehran (Capital of Iran):
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Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill discussed for a cross channel invasion of France. (D-Day)
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D-Day:
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Germans were misled and though attacks would be in northern France. Allies crippled railroads to avoid reinforcements to Germans. Paris was liberated in 1944.
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Presidential Campaign of 1944 Rep:
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Was bound to divert energy from war program. Rep: nominated Thomas E. Dewey- gov of New York and a liberal. VP: John W. Bricker of Ohio. Platform: unstinted prosecution of the war and for the creation of a new international organization to maintain peace.
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Presidential Campaign of 1944 Dem:
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Chose FDR. VP: Henry A. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, served 4 years as VP but conservative dem. distrusted him even though he had popular vote. With FDR blessings vote went to Harry S. Truman of Missouri. FDR won because war was going well and his foreign policy.
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Battle of the Bulge:
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Germans launched attack Belgian Port of Antwerp, but General A. C. McAuliffe reinforced the caught off guarded Americans. We won.
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Potsdam Conference:
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Truman, Stalin, and British leaders met near Berlin to release the ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed.
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Atomic bombs:
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FDR persuaded German-born Albert Einstein to push ahead preparations for unlocking the secret of an atomic bomb. After refusing to surrender in Potsdam Conference; bomb released on Hiroshima then Nagasaki.
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Manhattan Project:
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code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II. Bomb in NM.
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Japan is defeated:
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They sued for peace only that Hirohito be allowed to remain on his throne as nominal emperor. War is over.