A & P II Chapter 20

25 July 2022
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Veins have fewer internal valves than do lymphatic vessels.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding veins versus lymphatic collecting vessels? -Veins have fewer internal valves than do lymphatic vessels. -Veins and lymphatic vessels have a different number of tunics. -Veins tend to form more branches (anastamoses) than do lymphatic vessels. -Veins have thinner walls than do lymphatic vessels.
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venous circulation
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Once collected, lymph is returned to:
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digestive organs
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Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following? -digestive organs -bone marrow -CNS -bones and teeth
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plasma cells
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Antibodies are produced by _______.
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B
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__ cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
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reticular
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Lymphoid tissue is predominantly __________ connective tissue.
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along the small intestine
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Peyer's patches are located:
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spleen
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Which lymphoid organ provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response and provides blood-cleansing functions?
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thymus
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Which lymphoid organ serves as the site where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent T cells?
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mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
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What does MALT stand for?
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MALT
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composed of Peyer's patches, tonsils, and appendix; protects passages that open to exterior.
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Peyer's patches
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The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called ________.
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-removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood -storage of iron -storage of blood platelets
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list three functions of the spleen.
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antibodies
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Proinflammatory signals include all of the following except: -prostaglandins. -histamines. -antibodies. -leukotrienes.
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complement activation
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Main antibody defense against cellular antigens, several antibodies bind close together on a cellular antigen, their complement-binding sites trigger complement fixation into the cell's surface, complement triggers cell lysis, activated complement functions, amplifies the inflammatory response, opsonization, and enlists more and more defensive elements.
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Opsonization
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Which of the following is an effect of complement activation? -T cell activation -Tissue repair -Opsonization -Fever
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opsonization
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process of coating microorganisms or other particles with specific antibodies so they are more readily recognized by phagocytes
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fever
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Pyrogens induce __________.
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interferons (IFNs)
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__________ help the body combat viral infections.
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vasodilation
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The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
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NK
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____ cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
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MHC
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NK cells attack cells that display abnormal ______ antigens.
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NK
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____ cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
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macrophages
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________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections.
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Natural killer cells
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Which of the following does not serve as an antigen-presenting cell? -Dendritic cells -B cells -Natural killer cells -Macrophages
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reactivity with an antibody
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Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
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bone marrow
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B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
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dendritic cells
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Which cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by cells that will deal with them?
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antigens
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What mobilizes the adaptive defenses and provokes an immune response?
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T helper cells
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Antigens bound to MHC II activate:
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IgG
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________ is the most abundant class of antibodies in plasma.
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passive
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passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus is an example of _________ immunity.
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antigen
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In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
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plasma; memory
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B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by producing progeny cells that include ________ cells and ________ cells
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adaptive
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Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of ________ immunity that use antibodies.
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primary
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The __________ immune response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
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humoral
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B cells carry out the _________ response.
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cellular
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T cytotoxic cells carry out ________ immune responses
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T helper cells
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_______ are lymphocytes that coordinate cellular and humoral immune responses.
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helper T cell
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Which cell of the immune system is absolutely required for an adaptive immune response?
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regulatory T cells
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_______ may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
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lacteals
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Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa.
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left subclavian vein
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The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the . . .
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lymphatic capillary
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collects excess tissue fluids
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lymphatic trunk
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drains lymph from specific body areas
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lymph node
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houses lymphatic cells and filters lymph
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right lymphatic duct
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drains right head and neck region
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thoracic duct
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larger of the two lymphatic ducts receiving lymph from all but the right head and neck region
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appendix
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a tubular offshoot from the cecum
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lymphatic collecting vessels
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same three tunics as veins; the second-smallest lymph vessels
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lymphatic trunks
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same three tunics as veins; the largest of lymph vessels
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lymphoid tissue
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a type of loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue; dominates all lymphoid organs except thymus
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lymph node
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bean-shaped structure surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule with fibrous strands that divide it into compartments
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lymphatic ducts
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largest vessels; carry lymph fluid to subclavian veins
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lymphoid tissue
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provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes and furnishes surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages
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subcapsular sinus
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a large, baglike structure leading into a number of small sinuses
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hilus
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the indented region on the concave side of the node leading into the efferent vessels
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Peyer's patches
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isolated clusters of lymph follicles located mostly in the wall of the appendix
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B cell
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located within germinal center
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T cell
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located within deep cortex
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dendritic cells
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located surrounding the germinal center
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plasma cells
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located within medullary cords
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macrophages
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located within lymph sinus
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Peyer's patches
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destroy bacteria in appendix; generate "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory in intestine
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spleen
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provides a large, blood-filled site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
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lacteal
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What lymphatic structure absorbs lipids in the intestine?
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palatine tonsils
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What lymphatic structures trap bacteria in the posterior oral cavity?
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lymphocytes
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Which of the following are located in the spleen's white pulp?
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capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts
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Which sequence best describes the flow of lymph through the lymphatic system?
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It maintains blood volume and, hence, pressure.
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Which statement below describes the lymphatic system's role in relation to the cardiovascular system?
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thoracic duct
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It drains the lymph from the entire left side of the body and the right abdomen and leg.
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true
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TRUE or FALSE: They have fewer efferent vessels than afferent vessels. This slows the flow of the lymph through the node.
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true
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TRUE or FALSE: The lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart. It begins as blind-ended capillaries.
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lymphatics
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Which of the following vessels transport fluid that leaks from the vascular system back into the blood?
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CSF
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Excess tissue fluid in the brain drains into the __________.
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red lines under the skin that are sensitive to touch
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Lymphangitis presents itself as __________.
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lymphedema
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Severe localized edema is known as _______________.
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true
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TRUE or FALSE: Only lymphatic collecting ducts transport chyle, which is a term for fatty lymph.
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germinal centers
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When B lymphocytes are dividing rapidly, the __________ of the lymphoid tissue enlarge(s).
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medullary cords
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Plasma cells are found in the _________ _______ of the lymph node.
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lymph sinuses
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Large lymph capillaries in a lymph node spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers are known as _________ _________.
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Medullary cords
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_________ _______ are thin, inward extensions from the cortical lymph tissue in the lymph node.
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monocytes
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Which of the following cells would NOT be found in a germinal center in a lymph node?
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spleen
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Which lymphatic structure may also be a site of erythrocyte production in the fetus?
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white pulp
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Areas of lymphocytes suspended by reticular fibers in the spleen are known as __________.
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sentinel
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A _________ node is the first lymph node that receives lymph drainage from a body area suspected of cancer
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Lymphatic collecting vessels have endothelial flap valves, but veins do not.
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How are lymphatic collecting vessels different from veins?
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subclavian veins
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All lymph is eventually returned to circulation via the __________.
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Lymphatic
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___________ vessels have a role in carrying tissue fluid, leaked proteins, and absorbed fats to the blood. They do not deliver nutrients or gases to the tissues; that is the role of blood vessels.
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plasma
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________ cells produce antibodies
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reticular cell
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fibroblast-like cell that produces the reticular fiber stroma
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true
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TRUE or FALSE: Lymph nodes DO NOT produce lymph.
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afferent vessel, subcapsular sinus, medullary sinuses, efferent vessel
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list the correct order of lymph flow through the lymph node.
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true
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TRUE or FALSE: After puberty, the thymus begins to decrease in size.
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tonsils
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Except for the __________ and the spleen, the lymphoid organs are poorly developed at birth.
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Subclavian
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Lymph fluid's final destination is the bloodstream, as it enters through the _____________ veins
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Primary lymph organs
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Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent(capable of mounting an immune response). Includes bone marrow and thymus
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secondary lymph organs
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include the spleen and lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils. Sites where most immune responses occur
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outer cortex of thymus
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lot of immature T cells which migrate from their birth-place in red bone marrow .
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inner medulla of thymus
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composed of more mature T cells.
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central medullary sinuses
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Lymph fluid enters through afferent vessels and is directed towards the . . .
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hilum
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Efferent vessels convey lymph, antibodies and activated T cells out of the node at an indentation called the _______.
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Cortex
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_______ of lymph nodes contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells
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hilus
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spleen is served by splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the ______.
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spleen
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Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
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white
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________ pulp around central arteries. Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions
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red
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______ pulp in venous sinuses and splenic cords. Rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodbornepathogens
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tonsils
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Simplest lymphoid organs
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tonsillar crypts
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Epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming ___________ _________, which trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter